Ulysses S. Grant Essay -- essays research papers

Ulysses S. Grant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American General and 18th President of the United States of America, Ulysses S. Grant, was a master war strategist who won the first major Union victories during the Civil War; however, political leadership proved to be far different from military leadership for Grant. While in office from 1869-1877 Grant scarcely attempted to control events, made injudicious appointments to public office, and had official corruption taint his administration, although Grant himself was never said to be actually have been involved in this corruption.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'The military life had no charms for me,'; Grant said later. After graduating from the Untied States military academy Grant was commissioned as Brevet 2nd Lieutenant, assigned to the 4th U.S. Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis, MO. While stationed at Jefferson Barracks Grant met his future wife, Julia Dent, who was the sister of one of Grant's West Point classmates. This romance was temporarily interrupted however, when orders were given that sent Grant's regiment to the Southwest frontier in May of 1844.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the south seceded from the Union Grant had no troubles making up his mind to fight for the Union cause. Grant organized the first group of Union volunteers in Galena and accompanied the men to Springfield. Grant longed for active duty and, on May 24, 1861, offered his services to the U.S. government, suggesting th... Ulysses S. Grant Essay -- essays research papers Ulysses S. Grant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American General and 18th President of the United States of America, Ulysses S. Grant, was a master war strategist who won the first major Union victories during the Civil War; however, political leadership proved to be far different from military leadership for Grant. While in office from 1869-1877 Grant scarcely attempted to control events, made injudicious appointments to public office, and had official corruption taint his administration, although Grant himself was never said to be actually have been involved in this corruption.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'The military life had no charms for me,'; Grant said later. After graduating from the Untied States military academy Grant was commissioned as Brevet 2nd Lieutenant, assigned to the 4th U.S. Infantry, and sent to Jefferson Barracks near St. Louis, MO. While stationed at Jefferson Barracks Grant met his future wife, Julia Dent, who was the sister of one of Grant's West Point classmates. This romance was temporarily interrupted however, when orders were given that sent Grant's regiment to the Southwest frontier in May of 1844.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the south seceded from the Union Grant had no troubles making up his mind to fight for the Union cause. Grant organized the first group of Union volunteers in Galena and accompanied the men to Springfield. Grant longed for active duty and, on May 24, 1861, offered his services to the U.S. government, suggesting th...

The First of Its Kind

The First of Its Kind I still remember being in an eighth grade U. S. History class back in my Junior high years. One distinct memory of that course, perhaps the most memorable of all the projects we had, came in the first month of the school year, in the curriculum's first unit: the founding of the United States as its own nation. As the textbook timeline approached 1787 we prepared ourselves for a daunting task: memorize and recite the Preamble.We as students would wait anxiously as, one by ne, each of our peers would step up to the front of the classroom and begin to recite from memory. Few people could recite the Preamble smoothly, but for those who stumbled, we all seemed to remember perfectly the first and last chunks: â€Å"We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union†¦ † and â€Å"†¦ do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. To us back in eighth grade, that missing middle section was Just a group of words to be more-or-less forgotten the next day. To our forefathers, however, that middle section was vital in reating the basis for the supreme law of the United States. Much like my peers and I in the eighth grade, our forefathers who assembled 226 years ago were faced with a daunting task for the state that they were in. At this point in our history, America was a newborn in the world, only eleven years of age.Now left without the common cause that the Revolutionary War provided for the prior two decades, the former colonies struggled to find any sense of unity, and the world watched like adults watching an infant not their own attempt to stand upright on two feet without any assistance. Or perhaps a better metaphor would be an infant attempting to stand on his hands; Americans not only had to erect a lasting government system, but create one unlike any other. But the United States was by no means hopeless.Our founding fathers had already put forth one attempt with the Articl es of Confederation, which ultimately resulted in a loose confederation of thirteen independent states. The Articles did provide a Congress, but the provision was a handicapped version created without any real command over the states. And this was purposely so – instead of taking a radical leap of faith into a new republic, he Articles laid a steppingstone towards the Constitution so as not to provoke the states, fresh from a revolution.This steppingstone of compromise is what I believe to be the basis of the thought process behind the Constitution. Soon after the Articles of Confederation were adopted, a convention was summoned to meet in Philadelphia to revise the Articles in response to the recent problems, such as portrayed in Shays' Rebellion. When the fifty-five delegates assembled, however, it became clear that the Articles had to be scrapped for a new Constitution. To effectively describe in one ord the discussion that happened behind the closed doors of the Pennsylva nia State House during that long summer of 1787: compromise.The delegates, most of whom had Just recently rebelled against their mother country, wouldn't be shaken very easily in their ideas and proposals for how the government should conduct, and compromise became a necessity. So much so that one of the biggest achievements of the Constitutional Convention was called the â€Å"Great Compromise†, creating a middle ground to please botn the large and small states, whose ideas ot representation harply contrasted.Many other compromises defined the convention: the Electoral College was a compromise between direct and indirect presidential election, and the Three-fifths Compromise effectively represented the nation's view of slavery (and prevented an eventual collapse of the convention due to debate over the humanity of slavery). By September 17, 1787, the first draft of the Constitution was finalized, signed, and sent out to be ratified by the states. A major problem that echoed the notion of compromise soon arose as the first draft was sent out to the states.American people began to side with either Federalists or Antifederalists, who lobbied against each other over whether this Constitution was worthy of ratification. The greatest weapon that the Antifederalists held was the lack of a bill of rights stating the rights and freedoms that an American citizen were to have. And thus another compromise was hammered out by the drafters of the Constitution: a promise to amend the Constitution to include what we now call our Bill of Rights. With this, many of the states ratified the Constitution and allowed its adoption by June 21, 1788.And o, save a handful of amendments to occur later in history, the United States now had a formidable government created by a Constitution actually worthy of the new republic. In it, our forefathers structured a straightforward explanation of the three branches of our government, the powers granted and denied to each department, an d the difference in powers granted to the states and the powers reserved to the federal government. The strict structure of the Constitution reveals a second facet of its drafters' thought process (the first being compromise): the formation of a lasting egime.Compared to the history of some other countries, the U. S. has enjoyed some fair consistency in its government in the aspect that our Constitution withstands without any complete overthrow of the government. This is established in that middle section of the Preamble; six main purposes of the Constitution were clearly stated: â€Å"in order to form a more perfect union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity'.The longevity of the Constitution that had to be part of its drafters' intent can be easily seen in ways that live past our forefathers. Along with our Declaration of Independence, the Co nstitution has been a source of inspiration for many events in history – both our history as a nation and events in world history. Countless events in the U. S. have been inspired by the words written in those documents: abolitionist movements and the Civil War; the Declaration of Sentiments and the women's rights movements; other numerous civil rights movements; court cases such as Marbury v.Madison; controversy over acts of Congress such as the Alien and Sedition Laws. Words quoted from the Declaration of Independence and Constitution have greatly influenced pop culture, especially through music, and the notions of equality, natural rights, and Justified government have inspired events throughout the world, notably the French Revolution and the Spanish American War. The idea of a written constitution, which the U. S. Constitution started, and the ideas of government structure and natural rights have inspired constitutions of other countries.To conclude, the history of the d rafting of the Constitution and the history of its impact on the world greatly reflect the thought process that our forefathers utilized in writing it. Two aspects ot the Constitution denne the purpose witn which its drafters based its words upon: the basis of compromise and the structure with which the Constitution would last for the past 226 years. Our forefathers might not have anticipated that the Constitution last for over two centuries, but they most certainly wrote it with the intent of a strong foundation for the nation we are proud to call our home – the United States of America.

China And The Underground Churches - 1083 Words

Sarah Barnard Why the Church? November 2014 Research Paper: Catholicism in China and the Underground Churches For quite some time now the Chinese government has controlled its society in a multitude of ways, including through religion. Catholicism specifically, is a religion that speaks to many people in China, however, they have not been able to fully support and practice their chosen faith due to the governmental restraints that have been applied. While Christianity may be the fastest growing religion in the nation, only about half of the believers recognize the Vatican, and therefore the Pope, as well. Some may say that as the years pass, the Chinese government may be becoming more lenient towards those who observe Catholicism, but this is not always the case and can be seen through recent developments regarding this particular Asian country. In the mid-1900s, the Communist party started to take control over main-land China in ways that the country was not expecting, and in no time at all, the world’s largest nation became atheist. China cut all connections with the Vatican af ter the Communists claimed power, and countless people were imprisoned, abused, and killed for practicing their faith. The citizens no longer had charge over anything (including their religion), and whatever the government said, they had to abide by or risk being tortured for disobeying the rules. When it was announced that the Chinese would no longer recognize the Vatican or the Pope,Show MoreRelatedFreedom of Religion1320 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom of religion is attacked more and more every day. In America religious freedom has not been threatened near as much as in China. America’s freedom of religion has not been taken away, yet, but in China and North Korea the people of the countries do not have the freedom of religion that they should be given. Americans freedom of religion has been protected by the First Amendment for hundreds of years. There are two clauses in the First Amendment that protect Americans religious freedom.Read MoreChina s Sudden Growth And Rise Of A Economic Superpower1290 Words   |  6 Pagesaffected the worldwide economy, the worldwide environment, and its own private industry in ways that may have longstanding effects for the future. Prior to the nineteenth century China had the world’s largest and most advanced economy, but missed its industrial and cultural revolution and began to decay (Cao, 2003). China began its rise to a new economic superpower in 1948, in the wake of World War II. It had just emerged as its own independent country after the US forced Japan to surrender and cancelRead MoreEssay on Unreached People Group Project4555 Words   |  19 Pages 1000 BC – Three kingdoms were founded during this century, which were Koguryo in 37 BC, the Paekche in 18 BC, and the Silla in 57 BC. Koguryo kingdom was the first Korean kingdom to adopt Buddhism. 676 AD – Silla unifies the whole country. China attempted to conquer Korea, but was unsuccessful. It was during this time that Korea was unified and Buddhism became a main part of the country. 926 AD – Koryo takes over and they are the source for the country’s English name â€Å"Korea.† Buddhism thrivedRead MoreDo that Protestantism and Chinese Go Well Together806 Words   |  3 PagesProtestant Christianity in China now has some distinctly Chinese elements within it. The Bible is a great example of this. In the Gospel of John the first verse talks about the word of God. The Chinese translation for word is â€Å"Dao†, Dao being the same Dao of Daosim. This word is distinctly Chinese. Chinese Society and Christian Society are also similar. Confucianism also plays a large role in Chinese Protestantism. Confucianism was a school of thought in ancient China. It helped people liveRead MoreSon by Yiyun Li1141 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolutionary socialist. Han is implying that his mother is living in a fantasy dream and not in the â€Å"real† world. The government has blocked such sites as Han usually visits. The two different churches is a underground church and the state licensed church. The underground church is standing agains the communist party and so does Han. Han brings a text that he has printed about how his mothers church is using people to earn money and stands by the communist party. ConfuciusRead MoreSon by Yiyun Li1131 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolutionary socialist. Han is implying that his mother is living in a fantasy dream and not in the â€Å"real† world. The government has blocked such sites as Han usually visits. The two different churches is a underground church and the state licensed church. The underground church is standing agains the communist party and so does Han. Han brings a text that he has printed about how his mothers church is using people to earn money and stands by the communist party. Read MoreBook Report : Escaping North Korea1673 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review: Escaping North Korea In writing Escaping North Korea Mike Kim brought to light the struggles North Koreans face in North Korea, then escaping, and seeking asylum. Kim, before working on the China-Korea boarder, had his own financial planning business but one trip to China changed his world drastically. After hearing the stories of North Korean refugees, Kim found his calling to help these refugees escape a tyrant leadership and create a new life for themselves. Kim in writing EscapingRead MoreThe Persecution Of The Church1700 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing persecuted by the hundreds daily in China, Somalia and Iran. There are many reasons why Christians are persecuted. Believers are often oppressed due to the three reasons: (1) antagonism towards nontraditional religious groups, (2) governmental yearn for unmitigated control, and (3) lack of human prerogative. One of the countries where Christians are currently persecuted the most is China. China is a sovereign state in east Asia. Major persecution in China did not start until the late seventeenthRead MoreMusic in Our Everyday Lives1330 Words   |  6 Pagesmusicians Our first reliable music records came from the Romans. Americans musical history is very short when compared to Japan, India, Africa, and China. Music wasnt written down and recorded until around roughly 590-604 A.D. when the earliest musicians began to make records and notes, the first songs appear as biblical music, most likely used in churches and holy practices (Krasilovsky/Schemel 391). Music varies greatly around the world; mostly because of the diverse culture of the areas musicRead MoreCommunism And The Cultural Revolution1818 Words   |  8 Pagesself-directed attempts to join organizations independent from the Communist Party, such as churches. As an ideologically totalitarian system, Communism aims to form all citizens’ opinions and values around a single doctrine; consequently, any opposing ideologies, such as Christianity, are not allowed. In 1966, Communist leader Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, which was an attempt to create a purely Communist China by eliminating the â€Å"Four Olds,† which were old customs, old culture, old habits

The Virgin Companies Free Essay Example, 2750 words

The global travel industry can be characterized as an oligopoly where a few market players control a big size of the industry. This is known in economic theory as C4 where the top four firms control 60% or more of an industry's total sales. In this regard, giant American Express is number one, followed by Carlson Wagonlit Travel Tours (a French company) and Kuoni Travel Holding Ltd. (a Swiss company). The fourth largest is Expedia which is entirely Internet-based, being a spin-off from Microsoft Corporation. The three largest brands above may not be household names because they have numerous acquisitions and tie ups with local firms in the countries where they operate. That unfamiliarity may mask their real clout as the four top firms practically control the huge tourism industry globally. Of course, there maybe several smaller firms too but the overall trend in the industry is consolidation through buy-out and acquisitions. The rationale for the travel industry (especially the holi day travel market) is an end-to-end delivery system, starting from inquiry, planning, hotel reservation, plane ticket, sightseeing, sports activities and the return trip. We will write a custom essay sample on The Virgin Companies or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Towards this end, big travel firms are well positioned to take advantage of their wider geographical reach and global delivery systems. The worldwide travel industry can be considered as a generic product in many sense. Although anybody can offer an exotic or out-of-the-way destination, any tourism or travel holiday product can be easily duplicated by any tour operator as the industry has low barriers to entry of new players. This means another tour operator can offer essentially the same type of holiday experience that renders holiday packages more like a commoditised product. It is hard to maintain a competitive advantage for long periods when there are no differentiating factors or price advantages except through discounting. Along this line, the only competitive advantage left is the ability to deliver all the travel-related products like inquiry, planning, ticket and hotel reservations and bookings from only one vendor called vertical integrati on.

The Rising Rate Of Obesity - 2010 Words

Victoria University Bachelor of Midwifery HMB2106 â€Å"The Rising Rate of Obesity in the Population Has the Potential to Impact the Woman’s Childbearing Experience† May 9th 2016 Emma Greelish S4527299 Obesity is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to the burden of disease in the world, it contributes to a significant reduction in many adults’ life spans through cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes mellitus (Dodd, Grivell, Crowther Robinson, 2010). Improving maternal health is one of the Millennium Development Goals due to its large morbidity and mortality rate in the world, in which obesity plays a part (Dudley, 2009). Approximately 35% of pregnant women in Australia are overweight or obese which is a significant problem in midwifery and obstetric practice (Dodd et al. 2010). Being obese in pregnancy greatly increases the risk of the woman developing pregnancy induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus as well as increased chances of having an induction of labour, caesarean section birth and still birth (Dodd et al. 2010). Babies born to women who are obese may be macrosomic, require neonatal intensive care and have inc reased risks of congenital abnormalities (Dodd et al. 2010). The midwives role when caring for patients who are obese is very important, the midwife needs to promote a healthier lifestyle to an obese woman but must do it honestly and respectfully by educating and supporting as well asShow MoreRelatedThe Rising Rate Of Obesity Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pages The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most serious public health challenges that we face in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that 70.7% of adults over age 20, and 47.4% of children aged 2-19 are either overweight or obese (2015). Over the last 30 years, the number of overweight or obese cases among children tripled, and has doubled among adults according to the former U.S. Surgeon General, Dr. David Satchel (2012). ForRead MoreLowering The Rising Rates Of Obesity884 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to stop the rising rates of obesity, there has to be some steps taken to ensure that parents are educated about such programs that will teach them about the effects of different foods and what is actually considered healthy for young children to eat. Sarah Barlow and the Expert Committee (2007) state that the parents being the primary caregivers should track unhealthy eating habits and assess the medical risks in children when children are consuming unhealthy foods. Many of the junk foodsRead MoreObesity Rates Are Constantly Rising Essay2023 Words   |  9 Pages In the U.S., obesity rates are constantly rising. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, shows that, in the U.S., â€Å"more than 1 in 3 adults are considered to be obese, †¦ and more than 1 in 6 children and adolescents ages 6 to 19 are considered to be obese† (Overweight). In 2008, the Food Stamp Program, renamed the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), had the highest number of beneficiaries since its inception in 1968 (Cancio). â€Å"As of late 2009, about 40 millionRead MoreThe Alarming Epidemic Of Rising Obesity Rates1823 Words   |  8 Pagesepidemic of rising obesity rates has caught everyone off guard considering that in the book â€Å"Obesity Dietary and Developmental Influences† it states that almost two-thirds of the current population is overweight or obese (Lopez 2). Considering that many adults and children are struggling with their weight, many experts try to pinpoint the exact culprit for the obesity rates a nd ways it can be diminished. The focus of this paper is to discuss who exactly is to blame for the rising obesity rates and differentRead MoreFast Food Restaurants Are Being Blamed For Obesity Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pageshow fast food restaurants are being blamed for obesity. I am researching the significance of fast food chains being blamed for obesity rates rising, when we, in fact should be looking at the individual responsible. Rice, S., McAllister, E. J., and Dhurandhar, N. V. Fast Food: Friendly? International Journal of Obesity (2007): pp. 884-86. Academic Search Premier. Web. In this article published by the International Journal of Obesity, S. Rice, Department of Nutrition and Food ScienceRead MoreLiving Healthy: Focusing on Exercises and Better Food Choices692 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Obesity has become a major problem today for individuals, families as well as the government. While individuals contend with numerous health complications as a result of obesity, the government loses out at the economic front as citizens become less productive. In an attempt to ensure that individuals live healthier lives, attention has in the past been focused largely on obesity related health complications including but not limited to diabetes (type 2) and coronary heart diseaseRead MoreObesity Rates Among The United States1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe obesity rate in America has become a major national health issue over the last several decades. Increasingly alarming statistics have garnered national headlines. Current statistics place 68.5% of the U.S. population in classifications ranging from overweight to super obese. Approximately 35% of all U.S. adults currently fall under the label of obese.(Ogden, et al., 2014) Potentially more alarming is the prevalence of obesity in ad olescents. U.S. youth are becoming obese at earlier andRead MoreThe Effects Of Food Stamps On Obesity1549 Words   |  7 Pagesexpands on the broader hunger-obesity paradox of the 21st century and also attempts to explain how it has become a prevalent issue. Although there are numerous factors that cause hunger, these articles focus on unforeseen factors that have been contributing to the rising obesity rates, in particular to the low-income populations in the United States. In other words, this conversation discusses the factors that do not initially appear to have an effect on obesity rates, such as racial inequality andRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic : Obesity Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe obesity epidemic proves to be an issue in America and continues to grow with time. In simple terms, obesity is a disorder where the subject has increasing amounts of fat, leading to health problems in the future. This epidemic has steadily increased in American bodies for decades and resea rchers have tried to find the root causes of this problem. Though there is controversy as to what is the primary cause of this rising epidemic, it is clear that there are many factors that contribute to theRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Weighty Problem900 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Weighty Problem In this day and age, people are living longer thanks to various factors. For example, evidence-based practices guide healthcare providers in delivering safe, effective health care. Additionally, technological inventions have increased the ability of healthcare providers to provide care that helps both quality and quantity of life. However, this technology has also had an unintended side effect - generations of children who are more comfortable playing video

American Beauty †Paper Free Essays

American Beauty In the movie â€Å"American Beauty† there is a list of interpersonal conflicts. Lester and Carolyn Burnham are a seemingly ordinary couple in an anonymous suburban neighborhood, whose marriage and lives are slowly unraveling. They both have become so distant but remain together to keep up appearances. We will write a custom essay sample on American Beauty – Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now This relationship shows all the factors that Daniel Dana considers being a conflict. Two people are independent; they each need something from the other, both parties blame the other or find fault with them for causing the problem, one or more of the parties is angry or emotionally upset, the parties’ behaviors are affecting their relationship with each other and/or their relationships with others. †(Dana, 2000) In the movie there are many conflicts but the interpersonal conflict that stands out is that between Lester and Carolyn. The conflict between Lester and Carolyn is hard to ignore. They have stopped communicating effectively to one another. Lester is a middle aged man, whom sees no satisfaction in his life anymore. Carolyn is a middle aged woman, whom only shows her satisfaction, but it is a mask; to make it seem that she is happy. Lester, at first, seems to have a passive communication style, compared to Carolyn’s aggressive communication style. In the narration from Lester in the beginning of the film; he seems to be tired of his life and how it is going. They live in a big white house with a red door and a white picket fence; living the American dream. Unfortunately it is anything but. They have a daughter Jane who Lester believes he has failed. One night, Lester and Carolyn go to one of her work functions. Almost immediately they go their own ways at the function. Carolyn is being entertained by the â€Å"King† of real estate, drinking. While Lester has found himself outside with the new neighbor boy Ricky Fitts, smoking the illicit drug marijuana. When they go home and are in bed, their problems come to fruition. At this point the â€Å"blame game† comes into the picture; with much negativity. They fight back and forth sarcastically, saying hurtful things, until Carolyn jumps up out of bed and bursts out â€Å"This isn’t a marriage†. Then Lester finally speaks up and tells her what he has been feeling for years. One factor is the lack of sex between them. Also, he states that he has been her puppet for years; since she received her realtors license, and finally that he has been extremely unhappy. Then he continues saying that the only reason she is mad and saying anything is because he is finally fighting back. His dramatic and angry speech makes Carolyn silent. At this point in the film, I am more aware that they haven’t had effective communication to resolve their conflicts, for many years now. This situation escalated from their root cause of both of them becoming withdrawn, and not resolving their conflicts. When conflict erupts, emotions are involved, and the relationship can be threatened if the conflict is not resolved amicably. †(Sole, 2011) I think what started their downfall, years ago, is that they avoided conflict. This can be destructive in any relationship and/or marriage. If you don’t have the skills of resolving conflict; you run the risk of ruining your m arriage, separate friendships, and shatter your family. Since both parties did not obtain the skills necessary to resolve their conflicts, it resulted in Carolyn stepping out of their marriage; to have an affair with her real-estate rival, Buddy Kane the â€Å"King†, of real-estate. Also, resulting in Lester acting out, quitting his job, smoking marijuana, buying a 1970 Pontiac Firebird, and working out to impress a 17 year old girl; what some may call a mid-life crisis. Amazingly enough, this could have all been resolved, as long as they both are willing with positive emotions during their conflicts. Research has shown that interjecting positive emotions, along with negative emotions, during discussions result in happier marriages. I think that is Lester and Carolyn would have used some basic elements like humor, light-hearted fun, or some playfulness during their conversations, their marriage could have remained happy. Then if they could know and understand one another’s communication style, they would be better at resolving conflicts between them. Lester started out having a passive communication style, and then it quickly moved to a passive-aggressive communication style. I believed this happened because he was fed up with how his life was going and started to display resentment. With negative feelings, this indirectly sabotaged his life. If Carolyn held an assertive communication style, rather than an aggressive communication style, I believe they would have been able to eventually resolve their conflicts. All in all, if they had effective interpersonal communication, they would have continued to go down the path, to be a happily married couple. References Sole, K. ,Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication,(2011),BridgePoint Education Inc. Retrieved From: https://content. ashford. edu/books How to cite American Beauty – Paper, Essay examples

Brca1 Brca2 Essay Example For Students

Brca1 Brca2 Essay Are Women MoreSusceptibleto Breast and OvarianCancer If a Mutation inBRCA1 and BRCA2 isFoundBreast and Ovarian cancer are the two most common kinds of cancers found in women in the United States. An estimated 90-95% of cancer casesare believed to be environmental and lifestyle related. The remaining five toten percent of these types of cancers may be caused by inherited geneticmutations. The existence of a breast cancer susceptibility gene known asBRCA1 and its approximate location on human chromosome 17 have beenknown for about 4 years, on the basis of retrospective family studies. Butonly since 1994 have scientist actually been able to isolate and sequence thegene. In 1995, BRCA2 (a similar gene) was identified. In some families, thegene is inherited in a mutated form. Women who inherit a mutated form arehighly susceptible to breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 aretwo known genes that are responsible for an increased risk of both breast andovarian cancer. (Malone 136)What i s cancer? Cancer is defined as a disease in which abnormalcells multiply without control, destroying healthy tissue and endangering life. Cancer occurs in most species of animals and in many kinds of plants, as wellas human beings. About 100 types of cancers attack human beings. BRCA1and BRCA2 are genes linked to breast (male and female), prostate, ovarian,and colon cancer. (Harris 1) Cancer strikes people of all ages, but especially middle-aged to elderlypeople. It occurs equally among both males and females. The disease canattack any part of the body and may spread through means of blood flow. Cancer may spread only if it is not caught in time. Many types of cancers aredetermined in various stages in which they can be treated and possibly cured. (Harris 2)The occurrence of a specific kind of cancer varies from country tocountry. For example cancer of the stomach is much more common in Japanthan in the United States. The primary body sites that cancer strikes mostoften are the skin ; the female breasts; and the organs of the digestive,respiratory, reproductive, blood-forming, lymphatic, and urinary systems. (Harris 2)The body of an adult human being is made up of hundreds of billions ofcells. Each minute, several billion of these die and are replaced severalbillion new cells. Each if these new cells then doubles in size and becomescapable of dicing throughout mitosis. This way, new cells are being producedfor every cell that dies. Normal, non-cancerous cells, divide at a normal raterequired to replace dying cells, never at a faster rate. Like normal cells,cancer cells reproduce by dividing, but have lost the ability to reproduce at acontrolled rate. (Collins 183)Whenever anything interferes with the reproductive control of cells, thecells multiply and gradually build up a mass of tissue called a tumor. Tumorsthat are benign do not spread, while tumors that are malignant do spread anddestroy other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of thebody to the other is known as metastasis. Cancers ability to spread makesthe disease extremely difficult to treat unless detected early. (Harris 4)Most experts agree that people develop cancer mainly throughprolonged contact with one or more carcinogens. In addition, scientistssuspect that a person may inherit a tendency to develop the disease as well,linking it to DNA alterations. Carcinogens attack normal cells and mayeventually cause one of the cells to become cancerous. Scientists believe that90 to 95% of cancer start this way. The changes are then passed on to thecells descendants. One cancerous cell turns into two, and two into four, andfour into eight, and so on. Carcinogens are introduced into the body throughthe nose, mouth, or some other bodily openings. Many cancers are caused bya combination of two or more agents usually rather than a single one. (Harris 7)Some cancers, including those of the breast and colon, occur amongblood relatives at a higher than average rate. Scienti st believe that somepeople inherit a tendency to develop a certain type of cancer. Only a fewtypes of cancer though have been proven to be hereditary, such as, breast andovarian cancer. In addition researchers have identified certain genes, calledproto-oncogenes, that are vital to early tissue development. When thesegenes become changed or rearranged by chemicals or viruses, these genes intheir altered state are called oncogenes. The oncogenes than transform ahealthy cell into a cancerous cell. Scientists have identified over 50oncogenes that may cause cancer in certain organs such as the bladder,breasts, liver, lungs, colon, and pancreas. Some scientists believe thatoncogenes are involved in all cancers, while others do not. (Harris 7)Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer amongAmerican women, affecting 1 in 10 during their life time. It is estimated that45% of all families with significantly high breast cancer incidence, and atleast 80% of families with elevated r ates of both early-onset breast cancer andovarian cancer, carry the mutated BRCA1 gene. A rough estimate is that 1 in200 women in the U.S may have an inherited mutation in the gene. (AmericanCancer Society packet) Up until the 1940s many doctors and scientist thought breast cancerwas a result of old aging. Scientists know now that breast cancer is not aresult of old aging, but a result of being in contact with too many carcinogens,or as a result of inheriting certain genes. It is becoming more and more clear,that all cancers i.e. breast cancer, have a strong genetic basis, not necessarymeaning that they are all hereditary, but can be found linked to certain geneson chromosomes. (Love 165)Normal cells have 46 chromosomes which appear in 23 pair, butcancer cells usually have many more and on occasion fewer. The risks ofdeveloping breast cancer comes from either parent. Because each person hastwo copies of each gene, but transmits only one copy to each of his or heroffspring, the laws of chance predict that about half of all children of a parentwith a mutation in the BRCA1 gene will inherit the alteration. This flawedgene will make you more susceptible to cancer. The most common genes inwomen and men, that when damaged cause breast cancer are BRCA1 andBRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also linked to an increased risk for ovariancancer as well as breast cancer. (Love 167)Usually breast and ovarian cancer are not inherited. It has beenestimated that about 5 to 10% of all breast and ovarian cancers are thought tobe due to mutations in a gene inherited from a parent. However, if anindividual has several closely related family members with breast and/orovarian cancer, or if cancer has occurred at an early age, there is highersuspicion that the breast cancer in that family may be an inheritance. (Scalia 1)BRCA1: BR=breast CA=cancer gene 1, located on chromosome 17q,was first discovered in 1994 by Mark Skolnick at Myriad Genetics Corp. BRCA1 normally is responsible for making proteins which is important forthe normal functions of the cells. A mutation in BRCA1 can change theprotein it makes so the protein does not work as well. The BRCA1 gene isencoded by 5591 nucleotides distributed over a gnomic region which isapproximately 100kb in length. (Langston 3) SEE DIAGRAM 1It is possible that the BRCA1 gene may be involved in some sporadiccases through somatic mutations (mutations that cannot be passed tooffspring) that occur in DNA of breast cells during a womans lifetime. Preliminary evidence, however, suggests that BRCA1 plays a small role, ifany, in sporadic breast cancer. (Langston 4)BRCA2: BR=breast CA=cancer gene 2 was discovered in 1995 by Dr. Steven Narod in Ontario, Canada. Twenty-two coding exons of the geneencode a protein of 1863 amino acids. The protein contains a putative RINGfinger domain near the amino-terminal, suggesting BRCA2 may regulatetranscription. (Levine 25) DIAGRAM 1BRCA2, located on chromosome 13q, functions similar to BRCA1. The only real difference between BRCA1 and BRCA2 is that BRCA2 increases the risk for male cancer, while BRCA1 does not. Also theestimated risk of ovarian cancer with BRCA2 is not as high as BRCA1. (Langston 3)When researchers isolated these gene, they looked at selectedindividuals with either breast and/or ovarian cancer. The researchers whoisolated the gene looked for BRCA1 mutations in 32 breast tumors and 12ovarian tumors from patients who were not known to be members ofcancer-prone families. From this test scientists found BRCA1 mutations inthree of the breast tumors and in one of the ovarian tumors. However, eachof the four was found to be a germline mutation, which suggests that thesepatients have inherited a BRCA1 gene mutation in the same way as womenfrom the families that have been studied. Future research will clarify ifBRCA1 has any role in sporadic breast cancers. Studies of families withinherited alterations in BRCA1 has suggested that more than half the womenwho carry a cancer associated mutation in the gene will be diagnosed withbreast cancer by age 50. (American Can Soc Pack 3)Since the isolation of these genes, studies characterizing the effects ofspecific mutations are presently being conducted. Existing tests to determinewhether a person carries a BRCA1 mutation are effected on both research oncommercial levels. Once the gene is identified in a family, researchers canlook directly for the specific mutation. This allows testing for familymembers to be much more easy, as well as less expensive. (Rizzler 24)In women who have been found to carry an altered BRCA1 gene, therisk to develop breast cancer by age 70 may be as high as 80.5% and the riskfor ovarian cancer 40 to 60%. In other words, out of a 100 women whoinherit BRCA1 mutations, about 80 will develop cancer by the time theyreach 70 years; about 40-60 women will develop ovarian cancer. For womenwho develop cancer in one of the breasts, the risk is increased for cancer todevelop in the oth er breast as well. Men who carry a mutation in BRCA1 donot seem to have high risk to develop breast cancer, but there may be aslightly increased risk for prostate cancer or colon cancer. (Bre OvaPAMPHLET)We all have two BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We get these genes fromboth our mother and our father. A mutation in either of these genes can beinherited from either parent. If the mother or father does have a mutation theneach of his or her children has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. Chance determines who inherits the gene and who does not, and theappearance of the gene in one child has no effect on the risk in other childrenin the family. It is possible that all or none of the offspring of an affectedparent will inherit the mutated gene. (Scalia 1) SEE DIAGRAM 2BRCA1 and BRCA2 in their natural form, are thought to be importantfor normal function of cells. Because BRCA1 is a gene that has recently beenidentified, little is known either of its role in breast cancer development or itsnormal function. If there is a mutation, however, in either of these genes, orone copy of either gene is lost or damaged, its function may be disrupted,making breast cells and ovarian cells more prone to the susceptibility ofdeveloping cancer. Not everyone who inherits a mutation in BRCA1 andBRCA2 develops breast or ovarian cancer. BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutationdoes not cause cancer; however it does increase the chances for a person todevelop cancer. Scientists do not know why only some individuals with amutation develop cancer and why some do not, however, with the rapidprogression of cancer research and genetic testing these questions may soonbe resolved. (Scalia 1)Everyone has two genes of a specific trait. One from mom and onefrom dad. If one of these genes becomes mutated, or lost, then the other canserve as a break for the other and continue to function as normal. Womenwith inherited BRCA1 mutation are born with one bad copy, so that forcancer to occur they need only one additiona l damaging mutation in a breastcell some time during life. It is suspected that the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genesfunction as a tumor suppressor. Suppressor genes normally preventuncontrolled cell proliferation and their inactivation through mutation can leadto cancer. Inherited mutation occurs only on one gene, while the other is noteffected. Chances of that person developing cancer from one of these genesis greatly increased, i.e. 85% breast cancer and 50% for ovarian cancer. How can anyone believe that a machine can think? Essay~clinical breast exams. ~mammograms. ~consultation with a qualified healthcare professional if a change in breast tissue is detected. Ovarian cancer guidelines:~CA-125 serum tumor marker testing~transvaginal ultrasound~rectovaginal pelvic examinationWomen who have a BRCA1 mutation and have been diagnosed withbreast cancer are at an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast. This may affect treatment decisions, i.e., the choice between a mastectomy ora lumpectomy of the affected breast, and either prophylactic mastectomy ofthe unaffected breast and/or prophylactic oophorectomy. (Doctor Pamphleton breast cancer/Gaitherburg)Ways to treat breast cancer:~Prophylactic oophorectomy. Many clinicians believe that this is thetreatment of choice for the women who carry BRCA1 mutation or for thosewho have a strong family history of breast cancer. A bilateral removal of theovaries to decrease estrogen production is effective as well. Otherconsiderations include the individuals risk for cardiovascular disease andosteoporosis and her concerns about sterility. (Doctors Pamphlet on BRCA1and 2)~Prophylactic mastectomy. Because dense breast tissue may interfere withthe clinical examination and mammography, and in premenopausal women every breast cell has a mutated gene placing a woman at a 95% risk duringher lifetime for breast cancer, the volume of the breast tissue that can beaffected is reduced through mastectomy, making prophylactic surgeryappropriate for women who carry a BRCA1 mutation. However, becausesurgery cannot remove all breast tissue, the risk of developing breast cancercannot be totally eliminated. (Doctors Pamphlet on BRCA1 and 2)Another kind of treatment is hormone replacement therapy. Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to be effective in relievingsome of the conditions often associated with menopause, as well asdecreasing the risk of a heart attack and osteoporosis. However, the use ofreplacement hormones may increase the risk of breast and endometrialcancer. Post menopausal women who are currently taking hormones(estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progesterone) ha ve a relative riskof 1.46% of developing breast cancer compared to post-menopausal womenwho have never taken hormones or had breast cancer. The effect of hormonereplacement therapy for shorter periods of time and for women who carry amutated BRCA1 gene is currently unknown. (Gayther 1462)There are some life modifications that women can make in order todecrease their chance of breast cancer. Women who carry a BRCA1mutation should be encouraged to evaluate their current lifestyle habits and, ifnecessary and/or appropriate, modify the following: (Gross 88)Age at first pregnancy: Data indicates that women who deliver theirfirst child before age 30 are less likely to develop breast and ovarian cancer. Body weight: individuals who are 40% or more over- weight mayhave an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. In addition, maintainingdesirable body weight increases efficacy of cancer screening procedures. Exercise: Physical activity during a womans reproductive yearsaffect the production of estrogen and other sex hormones. This may providea protective effect against breast cancer risk. Tobacco use: A study indicates that a womans risk of dying frombreast cancer increases 25% if the women smokes cigarettes. Diet: Some studies suggest that eating a balanced diet has ananti-tumor affect. Recommendations for a balanced diet include foods low infat and rich in fiber and antioxidants; green leafy vegetables; soy products;and broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, and other cruciferous vegetables. Alcohol: Some studies indicate there is some link between alcoholconsumption and the development of breast cancer, although no causalrelationship has not been proven. (Gross 89) SEE DIAGRAM 6In the future, scientists hope discoveries will lead to gene therapy, butfor now there is little one can do about a genetic predisposition beyondcounseling and lifestyle changes. The BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic susceptibilitytest is commercially available through Myriad Genetic and OncorMedLaboratories. Testing to verify sensitivity, specificity, and other parameterswill commence at cancer centers throughout the U.S. Educational materialswill be provided to healthcare professionals who offer BRCA1/BRCA2testing to assist in presenting and discussing issues with patients both beforeand after the test. (Breast/Ovarian Pamphlet)Having a test for either BRCA1 or BRCA2 could affect a personsability to get or to keep insurance in the future. If a mutation is found insomeones family that increases the risk for d eveloping cancer, it could affecttheir familys ability to get or to keep insurance (health, life, and disability). One may experience loss of insurance, inability to qualify for new insurance,increased premium payments, or decreased coverage. A person may belocked into a job to keep coverage, or lose coverage in the event of a job loss. (Hereditary Breast Cancer 4)Patients should talk to their doctor about how the information will bekept in their medical record. People who are concerned about how their testresults will be used need to consider paying for tests out of their ownpockets. Legislators are in the process of introducing state bills which bansuch discrimination from employers and insurance companies. Twenty statesalready have statutes that, to varying degrees, protect the confidentiality ofgenetic test results and protect them from employment or insurancediscrimination. The presence of a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 indicates that thereis a risk to develop cancer. It does not mean that cancer will definitelydevelop. Although testing is very accurate, there is a chance that an inheritedmutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 will not be detected or that a mutation existsin another gene for which testing was not done. Cancer can and does occurfor other reasons (Hereditary Breast Cancer 4)There are psychological risks for be ing tested. Some people may alsohave difficulty in knowing that they carry a gene which increases their risk todevelop breast cancer. They may experience emotions, such as: anger,denial, anxiety, or shock; fear of cancer or of the future; worry about theirhealth, family, employability; changed self-image; guilt for possibly passingthe gene to children; worry about the future medical costs and insurability. These are all normal reactions. (Hereditary Breast Cancer 4)If a mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA1 is found, one will be encouragedto inform other family members who may also carry the mutation. In theprocess, other family members may also find out confidential information. For example, someone may disclose that a family member is adopted. Therefore, sometimes relationships in families may be affected. (HereditaryBreast Cancer 4)In conclusion, it is believed that 1 out of 3 women will inherit breastcancer during their life time, though others may disagree. Undoubtedly breastcancer is a silent killer in which it must be detected early in order to beprevented or stopped. As one person put it, ?This is the most exciting andmost frightening time there is in the research of breast cancer.? BibliographyBIBLIOGRAPHYAnderson, Greg. 50 Essentail Things To Do When The Doctor Says ItsCancer. Middlesex: Plume Publishers, 1993. Beckman, M.W. ?Clinical Impact of Detection of Loss of Heterozygosity ofBRCA1 and BRCA2 Markers in Sporadic Breast Cancer.? Cancer WeeklyPlus 24 June, 1996: 25. Berger, Karen. A Womens Decision. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishers,1994. ?BRCA1 Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene? American Cancer SocietyAtlanta: April 1997, 1-5. ?Breast.? Encarta Disk Reference 1996 ed. Breast Net Team, Breast Net Call for Papers of Cancerwww.bei.org.au/papers/call_for.html ( 26 June, 1996). Carrela, Angela. ?Defending a Life Saving Test.? The Advocate 30 Jan.1997: A1. Collins, Francis. ?BRCA1-Lots of Mutations, Lots of Dilemmas.?The New England Journal of Medicine. 18 Jan, 1996: 183-186. ?Comprehensive BRCA1 and BRCA2 Sequence Analysis.? BRACAnalysisMyriad Genetic Corp. Cummings, Shelly. ?Genetic Counselor For Cancer.?PRO Updates. January1996: Number 1. Davidson, Nancat E., David Hunter, Maryellen Giger, and David Rose. ?Breast Cancer Network Research.? http://www.cancer.org/report.html(Jan 24 1997). Davies, Kevin. Breakthrough. New York: 1995. ?The Effects of Breast Cancer.? Body Works Computer CD-Rom 1996 ed. Fiztgerald, Michael. ?Germ-line BRCA1 Mutation in Jewish Women andNon-Jewish Women With Early-Onset Breast Cancer.? The New EnglandJournal of Medicine 18 Jan, 1996: 143-147. ?Full Sequence of BRCA2 Cancer Gene Published.? Cancer BiotachnologyWeekly 18 March, 1996: 2-6. Gayther, Simon. ?Breast Cancer-Genetic Aspects? JAMA May 1996: 14. Gross, Amy. Women Talk About Breast Sugery New York: CrownPublishers, 1993. Halloran, Liz. ?Preventing Genetic Bias.? The Advocate May 1997: A1Harris, Jules. ?Cancer? Rush Medical College 1994: 1-8. ?Hereditary Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers for Patients.? OncorMedInc. Gaithersburg, August 1996: 1-4. ?Hereditary Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers for Physicians.?OncorMed Inc. Gaithersburg, August 1996: 1-8. Ivor, Benjamin. ?The Breast-Ovary Cancer (Pre-clone).?Available www.oncolink.upenn.edu/specialty/mol_bio/brca1.html (Dec 11,1995). Kormanicky, Lydia, Anne Rosenberg. What to Do If You Get Breast Cancer. Atlanta: 1995. Langston, A. Amelia. ?BRCA1 Mutations In A Population? New EnglandJournal of Medicine. 18 January, 1996: 334-344. Levine, Joseph, and David Suzuki. The Secret of Life Boston: WGBHEducational Foundation, 1993. Love, Dr. Susan. Dr. Susan Loves Breast Book. Canada: OTA Publishing,1995. Malone, Kathleen. ?BRCA1 Mutations In A Population-Based Sample ofYoung Women With Breast Cancer.? The New England Journal of Medicine. 18 Jan, 1996: 136-137. Michnovicz, Jon. How to Reduce Your Risk of Breast Cancer. New York:Warner Books, 1994. Myriad Genetics, ?BRCA -Analysis, Genetic Susceptibility for Breast andOvarian Cancer.? http://www.ps1group.com/dg/z9d.ehtm26 Sept.,1996. Offit, Kenneth. ?Germline BRCA1 185delAg Mutations in Jewish WomenWith Breast Cancer.? The Lancet June 15, 1996: 1643. Rizzler, Carol Ann. Estrogen and Breast Cancer New York: MacMillan,1993. Robinson, Rebecca, and Jeanne Petruck. The Role of Genetic Testing In thePrevention of Occupational Disease. New York: Carol Publishing, 1994. Scalia, Jennifer. Personal Interview. 16 Feb. 1997. Sirsky, Joan. Breast Cancer Handbook. New York: Harper CollinsPublishers, 1994. ?Why Clone Animals for Use In Cancer Science Year 1995, 1995 ed. Science Essays